Zeziphi iihomoni ezidla ngokusetyenziselwa ukubuyisela umva ngesondo kwintlanzi (iGunya)

ezaposwa ngomhla 03 / 10 / 2023 by aasraw bha liweyo Ithala.

" Iintlanzi zilawula uphuhliso kunye nokwahlula kweeseli zentsholongwane ukulawula umsebenzi wazo wokuzala kunye nokumisela i-phenotype yazo yokugqibela. Ukulawulwa kweHormone, ebandakanya i-hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) kunye ne-hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axes, yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yale nkqubo. "

1.Ingxelo
2.Ithini indlela yokubuyisela umva ngesondo kwintlanzi?
3.Yintoni ephembelele ukuguqulwa kwesondo lentlanzi?
4.Indlela yokuguqula isondo leentlanzi?
5.Ziziphi iihomoni ezidla ngokusetyenziswa ukubuyisela umva isini sentlanzi?
6.Iindlela zolawulo lwehomoni
7.Ziziphi iingenelo zokubuyela umva ngesondo lentlanzi?
8.Zithini izinto ezingeloncedo ngokwabelana ngesondo kweentlanzi?
9.Imiba yolawulo yokuguqulwa kwesondo lentlanzi
10.Uzithenga phi iihomoni zokuguqulwa kwesondo lentlanzi?
11.Ingxelo

1.Ingxelo

(1) Inkcazo yokuguqulwa kwesini sentlanzi

Ukuguqulwa kwesondo sentlanzi kubhekiselele ekukwazini kweentlanzi ukuguqula isini sazo sokuqala phantsi kweemeko ezithile, okukhokelela kutshintsho ukusuka kwindoda ukuya kwibhinqa, ibhinqa ukuya kwindoda, okanye zombini izini ngaxeshanye. Iindlela ezichanekileyo kunye nezizathu ezibangela ukuguqulwa kwesini sentlanzi azikaqondwa ngokupheleleyo, kodwa kukholelwa ukuba ziphenjelelwa zizinto ezahlukeneyo, kubandakanya ufuzo, indalo, kunye namahomoni. Iintlobo ezininzi zeentlanzi zibonisa ukuguqulwa kwesondo ngokwendalo okanye okwenziweyo, kuquka iigroupers, i-snappers, i-eels, kunye ne-tilapias. Ukusetyenziswa kobuchule bokubuyisela umva isini kulimo lwasemanzini kunye nolondolozo lwemithombo kuneenzuzo ezininzi, ezinjengokuphucula isivuno kunye nomgangatho wentlanzi, ngeli lixa kunegalelo ekwandeni kweyantlukwano yemfuza kunye nokuguquguquka.

( 9 21 13 )↗

(2)Ukubaluleka kokuguqulwa kwesondo lentlanzi

Eyona njongo iphambili yokutshintsha isini sentlanzi kukwandisa ukuzala kwabantwana kunye nokuvuselela indlela yokuziphatha ngokwesondo ebantwini. Iingcali ze-Vertebrate zikholelwa ukuba isiganeko sokutshintsha kwesondo siyingqayizivele kwiintlanzi ngenxa yokwanda kokwahlula phakathi kwee-vertebrates eziphezulu. Uphononongo lwezeNzululwazi lubonise ukuba iihomoni zangaphandle zinokusitshintsha isini seentlanzi eziqheleneyo nolu tshintsho. Ngonyango olufanelekileyo, zombini iintlanzi ezincinci kunye nabantu abadala ziyakwazi ukuguqulwa zibe yi-monophyletic okanye i-primary monophyletic populations. Njengoko iintlanzi zamadoda zithande ukuba nzima kwaye zikhule ngokukhawuleza kunabasetyhini, itekhnoloji yokulawula isini ihlala isetyenziselwa ukwandisa isivuno kunye neentlobo ezahlukeneyo zeentlanzi ngelixa iqinisekisa ukhuseleko lwamahomoni angaphandle ukuze asetyenziswe ngabantu.

2.Ithini indlela yokubuyisela umva ngesondo kwintlanzi?

Iintlanzi zilawula umsebenzi wazo wokuzala kwaye zinqume i-phenotype yazo yokugqibela ngokulawula ukuphuhliswa kunye nokwahlula kweeseli zentsholongwane. Ukulawulwa kweHormone yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yale nkqubo kwaye kubandakanya i-hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) kunye ne-hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid-axs (HPT) axes.

I-axis ye-HPG ibandakanya ukukhutshwa kwe-gonadotropin-releasing factor (GnRH) yi-hypothalamus, evuselela i-pituitary gland ukuba ikhuphe i-gonadotropin (GTH) esebenza kwi-gonads ukukhuthaza ukuhlanganiswa kunye nokukhutshwa kwe-estrogen kunye neehomoni kunye nokwanda kunye nokuvuthwa kwe-hormone. iiseli zentsholongwane. I-axis ye-HPT ibandakanya ukukhutshwa kwe-thyrotropin-releasing factor (TRH) yi-hypothalamus, evuselela i-pituitary gland ukuba ikhuphe i-thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), ethi emva koko isebenze kwi-thyroid gland ukukhuthaza ukuhlanganiswa kunye nokukhutshwa kwehomoni ye-thyroid. lawula inkqubo yemetabolism. Ingxelo evela kwi-estrogen kunye ne-hormone ye-thyroid ilawula umsebenzi we-hypothalamus kunye ne-pituitary gland ukugcina ukulinganisela okuguquguqukayo.

Xa iintlanzi zidibana nezinto ezibangela ukuguqulwa kwesondo, njengokusingqongileyo okanye izinto zemfuza, ezi nkqubo zimbini zingasentla ziyatshintsha, ziphazamise ulungelelwaniso lwangaphambili lwendoda nomfazi kwaye lubangele uthotho lwembonakalo yemfuza, ukwanda kweeseli, kunye neenkqubo zokuhlaziya izicubu ezikhokelela ekugqibeleni ekutshintsheni ngokwesondo. .

· Xa intlanzi ibuyela umva ukusuka kwinkunzi ukuya kwimazi, inokuhamba ngala manyathelo alandelayo:

①Ukuncipha kweempawu zamadoda: amatyhalarha aqala ukuncipha, ukuveliswa kwamadlozi kwancipha okanye kuyeka, iiseli ze-testicular stromal zehla okanye zanyamalala, yaye amanqanaba e-testosterone ehla.

②Ukuqaliswa kweempawu zabasetyhini: I-ovarian primordia iqala ukwanda, i-oocyte iqala ukwanda okanye ukuvuselela, iiseli ze-ovarian stromal ziqala ukubonakala okanye ukwanda, kwaye amanqanaba e-estradiol ayanda.

③Uzinzo lweempawu zabasetyhini: ama-ovari aphuhliswe ngokupheleleyo, i-ovulation eqhelekileyo, ukusekwa komjikelezo we-ovulation, amanqanaba e-estradiol azinzileyo, njl.

· Xa intlanzi ibuyela umva ukusuka kwimazi ukuya kwinkunzi, inokudlula kumanyathelo amaninzi:

①Ukwehla kweempawu zabasetyhini: ama-ovari aqala ukuncipha, i-oocyte iqala ukunciphisa okanye iyancipha, iiseli ze-ovarian stromal ziyancipha okanye zinyamalale, kwaye amanqanaba e-estradiol ayancipha, njl.

②Ukuqaliswa kweempawu zamadoda: I-testicular primordia iqala ukwanda, i-spermatogonia iqala ukwanda okanye ukuvuselela, iiseli ze-testicular stromal ziqala ukubonakala okanye ukwanda, kwaye amanqanaba e-testosterone ayanda.

③Iimpawu zobudoda ezizinzileyo: iitestes eziphuhliswe ngokupheleleyo, ukuveliswa kwesidoda esiqhelekileyo, ukuziphatha kokukhwelana, amanqanaba e-testosterone azinzileyo, njl.

3.Yintoni ephembelele ukuguqulwa kwesondo lentlanzi?

Ukuguqulwa kokwabelana ngesondo kweentlanzi yinto yebhayoloji apho isini sentlanzi sitshintsha ukusuka kwindoda ukuya kwimazi okanye ngokuphambanayo. Le nkqubo inokwenzeka ngokwemvelo, kodwa inokuphenjelelwa zizinto ezahlukeneyo zokusingqongileyo kunye nemfuzo.

( 16 24 13 )↗

(1)Imfuza:

Indlela yokumisela isini semfuza kwizilwanyana ithetha ukuba izinto zangaphandle zokusingqongileyo aziyichaphazeli isalathiso sokwahlulelwa ngokwesini, kwaye iijini zemfuza kwiichromosome zesini ziyayimisela. I-gene yokugqiba ngesondo ilawula "inkqubo yokuzimisela" kwaye iqalise uluhlu lweziganeko zokwahlula ngokwesondo. Inkqubo yokumisela isondo sofuzo ibandakanya intsebenziswano entsonkothileyo yeenkqubo ze-biochemical, apho amanye amacandelo okanye indibaniselwano yamacandelo kwindlela inokuba yimiba elawulayo emisela isalathiso sokumisela ngokwesondo.

(2)Ubushushu:

Ngexesha lokuqanduselwa kwamaqanda eentlanzi, kukho ixesha elinobushushu bobushushu (TSP), apho isalathiso sokwahlula ngokwesini kunye nomlinganiselo wesini unokuguqulwa ngokunyusa okanye ukuthotywa kweqondo lobushushu ngokuzenzela, ukungahoyi impembelelo yemfuza. Ukuguqulwa kwesini kunokwenzeka, njengoko kubonwa kwi-Nile tilapia, apho amabhinqa azalwayo anokuthi abe ngamadoda ngokwempilo ukuba anyangwe kubushushu obuphezulu obungama-36°C ngexesha le-TSP. I-Nile tilapia's gonads itshintsha ukusuka kwi-ovarian ukuya kuhlobo lwe-testicular kwiintsuku ezingama-21-39 emva kokuchumisa, kwaye i-gonads yabasetyhini be-hereditary ijika ibe ngama-testes okwenene xa iphathwa ngobushushu obuphezulu kwiintsuku ezingama-99 emva kokukhulelwa, njengoko kuboniswe yi-VASA immunohistochemical staining.

(3) Iihomoni zangaphandle:

Iintlanzi zineplastiki eyomeleleyo ngokwesondo, kwaye indawo yangaphandle ingasetyenziswa ukuguqula i-phenotype yentlanzi. Iindlela ezimbini eziphambili zokuphembelela ukuguqulwa kwesondo kwiintlanzi kubandakanya ukongeza iihomoni zangaphandle okanye ii-inhibitors. Amahomoni angaphandle aguqula ngokuthe ngqo amanqanaba e-hormone ukubangela ukuguqulwa kwesondo, usebenzisa iziyobisi eziqhelekileyo ezifana ne-17-methyltestosterone, i-11-ketotestosterone, i-17-estradiol, phakathi kwabanye. Ngenye indlela, iziyobisi ze-inhibitor ziphazamisa ihomoni kunye ne-receptors emzimbeni, ukunciphisa inqanaba leehomoni zesini zeentlanzi, ezifana ne-aromatase inhibitors.

4.Indlela yokuguqula isondo leentlanzi?

Ezona ndlela ziphambili zokufumana ukuguqulwa kwezesondo zentlanzi ziquka ukungeniswa kwehomoni yangaphandle, utshintsho lwendalo esingqongileyo, kunye nokuguqulwa kofuzo.

(1) Ukungeniswa kwehomoni yangaphandle

Ukungeniswa kwehomoni yangaphandle kubandakanya inaliti okanye ukufakelwa kwehomoni yamadoda okanye yabasetyhini kwintlanzi, eguqula iigonads zabo kwaye ekugqibeleni isini sabo. Le ndlela ivumela ukulawulwa kokwenziwa komlinganiselo wesini kunye nomjikelezo wokuzala weentlanzi, ukuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kokulima. Iihomoni ezisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo kwi-hormone exogenous induction ziquka i-17-Methyltestosterone, i-ketotestosterone (11-KT), i-17-estradiol (E2) kunye ne-Letrozole.

(2) Ukutshintsha kwendalo

Impembelelo yokusingqongileyo ibandakanya ukulawula amaqondo obushushu, ukukhanya, ukuxinana, isondlo, kunye nezinye iimeko zokusingqongileyo kwentlanzi ukuchaphazela amanqanaba ehomoni kunye nokubonakaliswa kofuzo, ekugqibeleni kuphembelela ukuguqulwa kwesondo. Ngelixa indalo ingaphezulu, le ndlela ayilawuleki kwaye inokuqikelelwa xa kuthelekiswa nokungeniswa kwehomoni yangaphandle.

(3) Ukusetyenziswa kwemfuza

Ukuguqulwa kwemizila yemfuza kubandakanya ukuhlela okanye ukudlulisa iichromosomes okanye ufuzo lwentlanzi ukuze lube neegene ezimisela isini okanye ukungabikho kwemfuza engundoqo, evumela ukuguqulwa kwesondo. Le ndlela inamandla okudala iintlobo ezintsha kunye neempawu, kodwa inzima ngokobuchwepheshe kwaye inokuphakamisa iinkxalabo zokhuseleko kunye nokuziphatha.

5.Ziziphi iihomoni ezidla ngokusetyenziswa ukubuyisela umva isini sentlanzi?

Amahomoni aqhelekileyo asetyenziswayo kwi-reversal sex reversal ziquka i-17α-methyltestosterone (MT), i-estradiol-17β (E2), i-Estradiol-17β, kunye ne-letrozole.

( 11 25 33 )↗

(1) I-17-Methyltestosterone powder

Yintoni i-17-Methyltestosterone powder?

I-17-Methyltestosterone eyaziwa ngokuba I-17-alpha-Methyltestosterone, I-17a-MT, i-methyltest okanye i-17α-methylandrost-4-en-17β-ol-3-one, i-hormone ye-androgen yokwenziwa esetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo kwiinjongo ezahlukeneyo zonyango kunye nezingezizo zonyango. Yindlela eguqulweyo ye testosterone ethathwa ngomlomo ngendlela yepowder. Eli yeza lisetyenziselwa ukunyanga iimeko ezifana nokulibaziseka kokufikisa, amanqanaba asezantsi e-testosterone, umhlaza wamabele kwabasetyhini, kunye nokuguqulwa kwesondo kwintlanzi.

· Yintoni i-17-Methyltestosterone powder esetyenziselwa yona?

I-17-Methyltestosterone powder yindlela yokwenziwa kwe-hormone ye-testosterone yamadoda. Iqhele ukusetyenziswa njengechiza ukunyanga iimeko ezahlukeneyo ezinxulumene nokunqongophala kwe testosterone, njengokulibaziseka kokufikisa emadodeni kunye nomhlaza wamabele kwabasetyhini. Ngamanye amaxesha isetyenziselwa ukuphucula ukusebenza kwezemidlalo okanye njengesongezelelo sokwandisa ubunzima bemisipha. Ukongeza, i-17-methyltestosterone isetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwifama yeentlanzi ukufezekisa injongo yokuguqula isondo leentlanzi.

① Ukusetyenziswa kwezonyango

Kwiimeko zonyango, i-17 ye-Methyltestosterone powder ihlala imiselwe kwizigulane zamadoda ezifumana ukulibaziseka kokufikisa. Le meko yenzeka xa umzimba ungavelisi i-testosterone eyaneleyo, enokukhokelela ekukhuleni kokulibaziseka kwamalungu okuzala, ukungabikho kweenwele zomzimba, kunye nezihlunu ezingaphuhlisiyo. Ngokuncedisa nge-17 ye-Methyltestosterone powder, izigulane zinokufumana ukunyuka kwamanqanaba e-testosterone, enokukhuthaza ukuphuhliswa kweempawu zesini zesibini njengeenwele zobuso kunye nezwi elinzulu.

Ukongezelela, i-17 ye-Methyltestosterone powder ngamanye amaxesha isetyenziselwa ukunyanga umdlavuza webele kubasetyhini. Eli yeza lisebenza ngokucinezela ukuveliswa kwe-estrogen, eyihomoni enokukhuthaza ukukhula kolunye uhlobo lomhlaza wamabele. Ngokunciphisa amanqanaba e-estrogen, i-17 i-Methyltestosterone powder inokunceda ukucotha ukuqhubela phambili komhlaza kunye nokuphucula amathuba okuba isigulane sibuyiselwe.

②Ukusetyenziswa okungekuko kwezonyango

Ngaphandle kwezicwangciso zonyango, i-17 i-Methyltestosterone powder ngamanye amaxesha isetyenziswa ngabadlali kunye nabakhi bomzimba njengeyeza lokuphucula ukusebenza. Kukholelwa ukuba ukwandisa ubunzima bemisipha, amandla, kunye nokunyamezela, okunokunceda iimbaleki ziphucule ukusebenza kwazo kwezemidlalo. Nangona kunjalo, ukusetyenziswa kwe-17 Methyltestosterone powder ngale ndlela akukho mthethweni kwaye kunokukhokelela kwimiphumo emibi yempilo.

③Ukusetyenziswa kwezilwanyana zasemanzini

I-MT (i-17α-Methyltestosterone) isetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo i-androgen yangaphandle. Uphando lubonise ukuba i-100% yezinga lendoda inokufumaneka ngokusebenzisa i-50 ug / g MT ukunyanga i-Oreochromis niloticus yabasetyhini; usebenzisa i-400 ug/ml ye-MT ukunyanga ukuqandusela i-Oncorhynchus tshawytscha inokufumana i-100% yezinga lendoda;i-Cyprinus carpio efakwe isichumisi yaphathwa nge-5 ug/ml ye-MT yokufunxa indlela yeeyure ezingama-75 emva koko yondliwa nge-50 mg/kg ye-MT yonke imihla nge-40 ukuya kwiintsuku ezingama-70, kwaye i-100% yenzala yamadoda inokufunyanwa.

· Ziziphi iintlanzi ezidla ngokuphathwa nge-17-methyltestosterone powder?

Kukho iintlobo ezininzi zeentlanzi ezidla ngokuphathwa ngeMT, kuquka i-tilapia, i-rainbow trout, kunye nesalmon ye-Atlantic.

①Tilapia

I-Tilapia lolunye lweentlobo zentlanzi ezifuywa kakhulu kwihlabathi, kwaye iMT isetyenziswa rhoqo ekuguquleni isini kulimo lweTilapia. I-Tilapia yintlanzi yasemanzini ashushu ezalelwa eAfrika kwaye ngoku ifuywa kakhulu kwiindawo ezininzi zehlabathi. Ukusetyenziswa kwe-MT ekulimeni kwe-tilapia kwenze ukuba amafama avelise zonke iintlanzi zamadoda, ezikhula ngokukhawuleza kwaye zinqweneleka ngakumbi kwiinjongo zorhwebo.

②Intlanzi yetrout

I<em>rainbow trout yintlanzi edumileyo nefanyelwa ukuvelisa ukutya. I-MT iqhele ukusetyenziselwa ukuguqulwa kwesondo kwifama ye-rainbow trout ukuvelisa onke amadoda entlanzi. Olu qheliselo lunceda ukwandisa ukusebenza kakuhle kwemisebenzi yokufuya iintlanzi ngokunciphisa umthamo wesondlo kunye nemithombo efunekayo ukunyusa intlanzi.

③isalmon yeAtlantiki

Isalmon yeAtlantiki lolunye uhlobo lwentlanzi olunyangwa ngeMT ukuze kuguqulwe isini kwi-aquaculture. ISalmon yintlanzi yasemanzini abandayo ezalelwa kuMntla weAtlantiki kwaye ilinywa ngokubanzi ukuvelisa ukutya. Ukusetyenziswa kwe-MT ekulimeni kwe-salmon kunceda ukuvelisa iintlanzi zamadoda onke, ezinqwenelekayo ekukhuleni kwazo ngokukhawuleza kunye nobukhulu obukhulu.

( 16 25 23 )↗

(2)ketotestosterone (11-KT)

· Yintoni iKetotestosterone (11-KT)?

I-Ketotestosterone (i-11-KT) i-hormone ye-androgen yendalo eveliswa kwii-testes kunye ne-adrenal glands yentlanzi. I-androgen enamandla edlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuphuhliseni izitho zokuzala zamadoda, iimpawu zesibini zesini, kunye nokuziphatha kwiintlanzi. I-Ketotestosterone (i-11-KT) ifana nesakhiwo esifana ne-testosterone kodwa inobudlelwane obuphezulu be-androgen receptors, eyenza ibe yi-androgen enamandla kune-testosterone.

· Isetyenziselwa ntoni iKetotestosterone (11-KT)?

I-Ketotestosterone, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-11-KT, yihomoni edlala indima ebalulekileyo kwinkqubo yokuzala yezilwanyana ezininzi, ngakumbi iintlanzi kunye nama-amphibians. Luhlobo lwe-androgen, oku kuthetha ukuba luxanduva lokuphuhliswa kweempawu zesini zesini.

①Ukubuyisela umva isondo lentlanzi

Enye yezona zinto ziqhelekileyo zokusetyenziswa kwe-ketotestosterone (i-11-KT) kukungeniswa kokuguqulwa kwesondo kwiintlanzi. Le hormone isebenza ngokukodwa ekukhuthazeni ukuguqulwa kwesondo kwindoda ukuya kwesetyhini kwiintlanzi, ngakumbi kwiintlobo ezifana ne-tilapia, i-salmon kunye ne-catfish.

②Ukuphucula ukukhula nophuhliso lweentlanzi

Uphononongo lubonise ukuba i-ketotestosterone (i-11-KT) inokukhuthaza ukuveliswa kwehomoni yokukhula kunye ne-insulin-efana ne-insulin factor factor in fish, okubangelwa amazinga okukhula ngokukhawuleza kunye nokwanda kobunzima bomzimba.

③Ukuphucula indlela asabela ngayo amajoni omzimba kwiintlanzi

I-Ketotestosterone (i-11-KT) ibonakaliswe ukuba ineempawu ze-immunomodulatory kwiintlanzi, oku kuthetha ukuba kunokunceda ukuphucula ukuphendula kwe-immune system yeentlanzi kwizifo kunye nezifo. Oku kubaluleke kakhulu kwiindawo zasemanzini, apho iintlanzi zihlala zibonakaliswe kuluhlu lwee-pathogens kunye noxinzelelo lokusingqongileyo olunokuthi lube buthathaka amajoni abo omzimba.

· Zeziphi iintlanzi ezidla ngokunyangwa nge-11-KT?

Iintlobo zeentlanzi ezifana ne-tilapia, i-catfish, kunye ne-salmonids zidla ngokuphathwa nge-11-KT.

①Tilapia

Kwi-tilapia, i-11-KT isetyenziselwa ukuvelisa abantu bonke abangamadoda kwimveliso yorhwebo. I-Tilapia luhlobo lwentlanzi oluxabiseke kakhulu, kwaye ukuvelisa amadoda onke kubalulekile kulimo olusebenzayo. Ukusetyenziswa kwe-11-KT kwi-tilapia kufunyaniswe ukuba iyasebenza ekuveliseni amadoda anezinga eliphezulu lokukhula, ukuphuculwa kokutya okuphuculweyo, kunye nokuxhathisa izifo.

②Intlanzi

Kwi-catfish, i-11-KT isetyenziselwa ukuvelisa iinkunzi ezisetyenziselwa iinjongo zokuzala. Oku kungenxa yokuba iinkunzi zikhula ngokukhawuleza kwaye zinezinga elingcono lokuguqulwa kwesondlo kunemazi. Ukusetyenziswa kwe-11-KT kwi-catfish kuye kwafunyaniswa ukuba iyasebenza ekuveliseni amadoda aneempawu eziphezulu zofuzo, ezifana nokuxhathisa izifo kunye nokuphucula umgangatho wenyama.

③iSalmonids

Kwi-Salmonids, njenge-trout kunye ne-salmon, nazo ziphathwa ngokuqhelekileyo nge-11-KT. Kwezi ntlobo zeentlanzi, i-11-KT isetyenziselwa ukuvelisa amadoda akhula ngokukhawuleza kwimveliso yorhwebo. Ukongeza, i-11-KT ikwasetyenziselwa ukuvelisa amadoda ngeenjongo zokuzonwabisa zokuloba, njengoko iisalmonids zamadoda zinqweneleka ngokubanzi kubalobi.

(3)Estradiol-17 beta

· Yintoni i-Estradiol-17 beta?

I-Estradiol-17 beta yi-hormone ye-estrogen yendalo edla ngokusetyenziswa kwi-aquaculture ukubuyisela umva ngokwesondo kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeentlanzi. Le hormone isebenza ngokukhuthaza ukuphuhliswa kweempawu zowesifazane kunye nokunciphisa ukuphuhliswa kweempawu zendoda kwiintlanzi.

· I-Estradiol- 17β isetyenziselwa ntoni?

I-Estradiol-17 beta yihomoni eveliswa ngokwemvelo emzimbeni kwaye ikwiklasi yeehomoni ze-estrogen. Idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuphuhliseni nasekugcinweni kwamalungu okuzala abasetyhini kunye neempawu zesini sesibini. I-Estradiol-17 beta iyafumaneka njengeyeza kwaye isetyenziselwa iimeko ezahlukeneyo zonyango.

① Unyango lokubuyisela iHormone (HRT)

Olunye lolona setyenziso luphambili lwe-Estradiol-17 beta kunyango lokubuyisela ihomoni (HRT) kubasetyhini abakwi-menopausal. Ukuyeka ukuya exesheni yinkqubo yemvelo yebhayoloji ephawula ukuphela kweminyaka yomfazi yokuzala. Ibonakaliswa ngokuncipha kwemveliso ye-estrogen, enokukhokelela kwiimpawu ezahlukeneyo ezifana nokushisa okutshisayo, ukoma kwangasese kunye nokutshintsha kwemizwelo. I-HRT ene-Estradiol-17 beta inokunceda ukukhulula ezi zimpawu kunye nokunciphisa umngcipheko we-osteoporosis kunye nezinye iingxaki zempilo ezinxulumene namanqanaba e-estrogen aphantsi.

②Ukunyangwa komhlaza wamabele

Olunye usetyenziso oluqhelekileyo lwe-Estradiol-17 beta kunyango lweentlobo ezithile zomhlaza wamabele. I-Estrogen inokukhuthaza ukukhula kwamanye amabele omhlaza, ngoko ke amachiza athintela ukuveliswa okanye umsebenzi we-estrogen asetyenziselwa ukunceda ukucotha okanye ukumisa ukukhula kweeseli zomhlaza. Nangona kunjalo, kwezinye iimeko, i-Estradiol-17 beta inokusetyenziselwa ukunyanga umhlaza webele. Oku kungenxa yokuba ezinye ii-cancer zamabele zinobuntununtunu kwi-estrogen kwaye zifuna ukukhula kwe-estrogen. Kwezi meko, i-Estradiol-17 beta ingasetyenziselwa ukuthintela ukuveliswa kwe-estrogen emzimbeni, onokucothisa okanye ukumisa ukukhula kweeseli zomhlaza.

③Ukuguqulwa kwesondo kwintlanzi

I-Estradiol-17 beta fish reversal yindlela eqhelekileyo esetyenziswa kwi-aquaculture ukukhohlisa isini sentlanzi ngenjongo yokuthengisa. I-Estradiol-17 beta yihomoni yokwenziwa elinganisa iziphumo ze-estrogen yendalo emzimbeni, edlala indima ebalulekileyo ekumiseleni isini sentlanzi. Ngokulawula le hormone kwizigaba ezithile zokuphuhliswa kweentlanzi, kunokwenzeka ukubangela ukunyanzeliswa kobufazi okanye ubudoda beentlanzi.

· Zeziphi iintlanzi ezidla ngokuphathwa nge-Estradiol-17?

Kukho iintlobo ezininzi zeentlanzi ezidla ngokunyangwa nge-estradiol-17 beta, kuquka i-channel catfish, i-carp, kunye ne-tilapia.

①Channel catfish

I-Channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) luhlobo lwentlanzi oludumileyo lwamanzi acwengileyo oludla ngokukhuliswa kwi-aquaculture. I-Channel catfish i-dimorphic ngokwesondo, kunye namadoda ane-papillae yangasese emide kunye nabasetyhini abane-papilla yangasese ejikelezayo, ebomvu ngakumbi. Kwi-aquaculture, i-channel catfish iphathwa nge-estradiol-17 beta ukuvelisa abantu ababhinqileyo bonke. Oku kungenxa yokuba i-female channel catfish ikhula ngokukhawuleza kwaye ibe nkulu kuneenkunzi, nto leyo eyenza ukuba babe nengeniso ngakumbi ngeenjongo zorhwebo.

②Ingxaki

ICarp (Cyprinus carpio) lolunye uhlobo lwentlanzi oludumileyo lwamanzi acocekileyo oludla ngokukhuliswa kwi-aquaculture. Njenge-catfish ye-channel, i-carp i-dimorphic ngokwesondo, kunye namadoda anee-tubercles entloko kunye neemazi ezinomzimba ojikelezayo. Kwi-aquaculture, i-carp iphathwa nge-estradiol-17 beta ukuvelisa abantu ababhinqileyo bonke ngenxa yezizathu ezifanayo njenge-catfish ye-channel.

③Tilapia

I-Tilapia (Oreochromis spp.) liqela leentlobo zeentlanzi zasemanzini acocekileyo ezidla ngokukhuliswa kwi-aquaculture ngenxa yokukhula kwazo ngokukhawuleza kunye nokuqina kwazo. I-Tilapia nayo i-dimorphic ngokwesondo, kunye neenkunzi ezinombala oqaqambileyo kunye namaphiko amade e-dorsal kuneemazi. Kwi-aquaculture, i-tilapia iphathwa nge-estradiol-17 beta ukuvelisa amadoda onke. Oku kungenxa yokuba i-tilapia eyindoda ikhula ngokukhawuleza kwaye ibenkulu kuneemazi, nto leyo ezenza zibenengeniso ngeenjongo zorhwebo.

(4)Letrozole powder

Yintoni umgubo weLetrozole?

I-Letrozole powder liyeza elikwiklasi yeziyobisi ezibizwa ngokuba yi-aromatase inhibitors. Isetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo kunyango lomhlaza webele kubasetyhini be-postmenopausal. Iiseli zomhlaza wamabele zifuna i-estrogen ukuba ikhule, kwaye I-Letrozole Powder i-letrozole isebenza ngokuthintela ukuveliswa kwe-estrogen emzimbeni. Oku kunciphisa umthamo we-estrogen okhoyo kwiiseli zomhlaza, ukucotha okanye ukuyeka ukukhula kwazo.

Usetyenziselwa ntoni umgubo weLetrozole?

I-Letrozole powder ivela kwiklasi yeziyobisi ezibizwa ngokuba yi-aromatase inhibitors, esebenza ngokunciphisa inani le-estrogen eveliswa emzimbeni. Isetyenziswa ikakhulu kunyango lomhlaza webele wabasetyhini kunye nokungazali. Kwangaxeshanye, iphinda isebenze kwireversal sex reversal.

①Ukunyanga umhlaza wamabele

ILetrozole Powder liyeza elisetyenziselwa ukunyanga umhlaza wamabele. Isenokunceda ekuthinteleni umhlaza wamabele ukuba ubuye. Imiselwe ikakhulu kubasetyhini abasele bekwixesha lokuyeka ukuya exesheni kwaye banohlobo lomhlaza obizwa ngokuba ngumhlaza webele “oxhomekeke kwihomoni”.

②Ukukhuthaza kunye nokwandisa i-Ovulation

Ukongeza kokusetyenziswa kunyango lomhlaza webele, i-letrozole powder ingasetyenziselwa kunyango lokungazali. Kumabhinqa asokolayo ekukhawuleni, i<em>letrozole inokunceda ekuvuseleleni i<em>ovulation ngokucinezela ukuveliswa komzimba kwe<em>estrogen. Ngokunciphisa inani le-estrogen emzimbeni, i-letrozole inokukhuthaza ukuveliswa kwehomoni ye-follicle-stimulating (FSH), ejongene nokubangela i-ovulation.

③Ukuzuza ukuguqulwa kwesondo kwintlanzi

I-Letrozole liyeza elifumene ingqwalasela kwishishini le-aquaculture ngokukwazi ukuphembelela ukuguqulwa kwesondo kwiintlanzi. Ukubuyisela umva ngokwesondo yinkqubo apho iimpawu zesini zentlanzi zitshintshwa, ngokuqhelekileyo ukusuka kwimazi ukuya kwindoda, okanye ngokuphendululekileyo. Le nkqubo inezicelo ezininzi kwi-aquaculture, kubandakanywa nokuveliswa kwabantu bonke abangamadoda, okunokunyusa izinga lokukhula kunye nokunciphisa imiba enxulumene nokuzala.

I-Letrozole isebenza ngokuthintela ukuveliswa kwe-estrogen, ihomoni edlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuphuhlisweni kweempawu zesini zabasetyhini. Ngokunciphisa inani le-estrogen emzimbeni wentlanzi, i-letrozole inokubangela ukuphuhliswa kweempawu zesini zesini, ezifana ne-testes kunye neempawu zesini zesibini.

· Zeziphi iintlanzi ezinyangwa nge-letrozole?

I-Letrozole isetyenziselwa ukwenza ubudoda kwiintlobo zeentlanzi zabasetyhini, ezifana ne-tilapia, ezikhulela inyama yazo.

①Tilapia

I-Tilapia yenye yeentlanzi eziphathwa kakhulu nge-letrozole. Iyeza longezwa ekudleni kweentlanzi, kwaye ekuhambeni kwexesha, kubangela ukuba intlanzi yabasetyhini iphuhlise iimpawu zesilisa, ezifana nokunyuka kwemisipha kunye nomzimba olungelelanisiweyo. Le nkqubo kubhekiselwa kuyo “njengokuguqulwa kwesondo,” kwaye yinto eqhelekileyo kwishishini lezaselwandle ukuvelisa iintlanzi ezineempawu ezinqwenelekayo.

②Intlanzi yeentlanzi kunye ne-barramundi

Ezinye iintlobo zeentlanzi eziphathwa nge-letrozole ziquka i-catfish kunye ne-barramundi. Kwezi ntlobo, i-letrozole isetyenziselwa ukulawula ixesha lokuzala. Ngokusebenzisa i-letrozole kwiintlanzi zabasetyhini, ii-aquaculturists zinokulibazisa ukuqala kokufikisa kwaye zandise ixesha apho intlanzi inokuvunwa. Oku kuvumela ukusetyenziswa ngobuchule ngakumbi kwemithombo kunye nesivuno esikhulu ngokubanzi sentlanzi.

6.Iindlela zolawulo lwehomoni

Kwi-aquaculture, ukuguqulwa ngesondo kwentlanzi yinto eqhelekileyo yokuveliswa kwamadoda onke amadoda, abonisa ukukhula okukhawulezayo kunye namazinga angcono okuguqula isondlo kunabemi besini esixubeneyo. Ulawulo lweHormone yeyona ndlela isetyenziswa kakhulu ekuphembeleleni ukuguqulwa kwesondo kwiintlanzi. Kukho iindlela ezintathu eziphambili zokulawulwa kwehomoni ekuguqulweni ngokwesondo kweentlanzi: ulawulo lomlomo, inaliti, kunye nokuntywiliselwa.

( 37 16 32 )↗

(1) Ulawulo lomlomo

Ukulawulwa komlomo kubandakanya ukuxuba amahomoni kunye nokutya kunye nokuzihambisa ngomlomo kwiintlanzi. Le ndlela ayihlaseli kwaye ayicinezeli kakhulu kunenaliti, kodwa ifuna ukuba intlanzi itye ukutya okuphethwe yihomoni rhoqo, enokuba nzima ukuyifeza. Ngaphezu koko, umthamo we-hormonal unokwahluka phakathi kweentlanzi zomntu ngamnye, okukhokelela kwiziphumo ezingahambelaniyo.

(2) Isitofu

Ukutofa kubandakanya ukutofa isisombululo sehomoni ngokuthe ngqo kwizihlunu zentlanzi. Le ndlela iphumelele kakhulu kwaye inokwethenjelwa, njengoko ihomoni ihanjiswa ngokuthe ngqo kwigazi. Nangona kunjalo, kufuna ubuchule kunye nobuchule ukwenza inaliti ngokuchanekileyo, kwaye inokubangela uxinzelelo kunye nomonakalo wezicubu kwiintlanzi.

(3) Ukuntywiliselwa emanzini

Ukuntywiliselwa kubandakanya ukuntywiliselwa iintlanzi kwindawo yokuhlambela enesisombululo sehomoni. Le ndlela yeyona ilula kwaye kulula ukuyenza, njengoko ifuna ukuphathwa kancinci kwentlanzi. Ikwafanelekile kwizicelo ezinkulu. Nangona kunjalo, ukugxilwa kwehomoni kunye nobude bexesha lokuvezwa kufuneka kulawulwe ngononophelo ukuphepha iziphumo ezibi kwimpilo yentlanzi kunye nokuphila.

Ukuqukumbela, ukhetho lwendlela yokulawula ihomoni kuxhomekeke kwizinto ezininzi, kubandakanywa neentlobo zeentlanzi, ubungakanani benani labantu, kunye nezibonelelo ezikhoyo. Nokuba yeyiphi na indlela esetyenziswayo, ukulawulwa kwehomoni sisixhobo esinamandla sokuphembelela ukuguqulwa kwesondo kwintlanzi, evumela ukuveliswa kwamanani abesilisa bonke kwi-aquaculture.

7.Ziziphi iingenelo zokubuyela umva ngesondo lentlanzi?

Ukuguqulwa kwesini sentlanzi, okwakwaziwa njengenguquko yesini sentlanzi, yinkqubo apho isini sentlanzi sitshintshwa ngokwesini ukusuka kwisini sayo sokuqala ukuya kwisini esahlukileyo. Le nkqubo ineenzuzo ezininzi kwaye ibaluleke ngakumbi kwishishini le-aquaculture.

( 19 25 22 )↗

(1) Ukulawulwa kwesini sentlanzi

Enye yeenzuzo zokuguqulwa kwesini sentlanzi kukuba ivumela ulawulo lwesini sentlanzi. Oku kubalulekile kwi-aquaculture njengoko ivumela amafama ukuba avelise iintlanzi zesini esifunwayo, esinokunyusa ukusebenza kunye nenzuzo yokufuya iintlanzi. Umzekelo, i-tilapia eyindoda ikhula ngokukhawuleza kwaye inesivuno esiphezulu kuneemazi, ngoko ke ukuguqulwa kwesondo kungasetyenziselwa ukuvelisa amadoda onke ukuze akhule ngokugqibeleleyo.

(2) Isivuno esiphezulu kunye nenzuzo

Olunye uncedo lokuguqulwa kwesondo lentlanzi kukuba kunokukhokelela kwisivuno esiphezulu kunye nenzuzo. Ngokuvelisa iintlanzi zesini esifunwayo, abalimi banokwandisa ukusebenza kakuhle kwemisebenzi yabo kwaye bavelise iintlanzi ezininzi ezithengiswayo. Oku kunokukhokelela kwingeniso ephezulu kumafama kunye nokufumaneka okukhulu kweemveliso zentlanzi kubathengi.

(3) Ukunciphisa impembelelo yokusingqongileyo

Ukongeza kwezi nzuzo, ukuguqulwa kwesondo kwintlanzi kunokukhokelela ekunciphiseni impembelelo yokusingqongileyo. Ngokuvelisa inani lamadoda onke, amafama anokunciphisa inani leentlanzi ekufuneka zihlanjululwe, ezinokuthi zinciphise inkunkuma kwaye zithintele imiphumo emibi enokubakho kwimekobume.

8.Zithini izinto ezingeloncedo ngokwabelana ngesondo kweentlanzi?

Ukubuyisela isini sentlanzi yinkqubo yokulawula isini sentlanzi ukufikelela umlinganiselo ofunekayo wesini ngeenjongo zorhwebo. Ngelixa iye yaphumelela ekwandiseni isivuno seefama zentlanzi, ikwanezinto ezininzi ezingeloncedo.

( 17 12 22 )↗

(1)Iintsalela zehomoni kwiimveliso zentlanzi

Omnye umba onokubakho kubukho beentsalela zehomoni kwiimveliso zeentlanzi. Ezi ntsalela zinokubeka emngciphekweni impilo kubathengi kwaye zinokukhokelela kwiinkxalabo malunga nokhuseleko kunye nomgangatho weemveliso zentlanzi.

(2)Imiphumo emibi enokubakho kwimpilo yentlanzi nokuziphatha

Enye into engalunganga enokubakho yokuguqulwa kwezesondo zentlanzi ziziphumo ezibi ezinokubakho kwimpilo yentlanzi kunye nokuziphatha. Iintlanzi ezibuyela umva ngokwesondo zinokuba notshintsho kwi-physiology kunye nokuziphatha kwazo, ezinokukhokelela kwiingxaki zempilo okanye ezinye iziphumo ezibi.

(3) Umngcipheko wokungcoliseka kwehomoni kwindawo engqongileyo

Ekugqibeleni, kukho umngcipheko wokungcoliseka kwehomoni kwindawo engqongileyo. IiHormones ezisetyenziswa ekubuyiseleni isini kwintlanzi zinokungena kwindawo engqongileyo kwaye zichaphazele ezinye izinto eziphilayo, ezinokukhokelela kukuphazamiseka kwenkqubo yendalo kunye nezinye iingxaki zokusingqongileyo.

9.Imiba yolawulo yokuguqulwa kwesondo lentlanzi

Ukubuyisela isini kwintlanzi yindlela ebalulekileyo esetyenziswa kwi-aquaculture ukuvelisa amadoda onke ukuze akhule ngokukhawuleza kunye nokuphucula ukuxhathisa izifo. Nangona kunjalo, ukusetyenziswa kweehomoni ekufuyeni iintlanzi kuphakamise inkxalabo malunga neempembelelo ezinokuthi zibekho kwimpilo kunye nokusingqongileyo. Ke ngoko, imiba yolawulo yokuguqulwa kwesondo lentlanzi ibalulekile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukhuseleko nozinzo lwalo mkhuba.

(1) Imigaqo kunye nezikhokelo zokusetyenziswa kwehomoni kwi-aquaculture

Imimiselo kunye nezikhokelo zokusetyenziswa kwehomoni kwi-aquaculture iyahluka phakathi kwamazwe kunye nemimandla. Ngokomzekelo, i-European Union inemigaqo engqongqo malunga nokusetyenziswa kwehomoni kwi-aquaculture kwaye ifuna imvume ngaphambi kokusetyenziswa kwayo. EUnited States, i-Food and Drug Administration ilawula ukusetyenziswa kwehomoni kwi-aquaculture ngokusebenzisa iZiko loNyango lwezilwanyana. Le migaqo kunye nezikhokelo zijolise ekuqinisekiseni ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwamahomoni ekufuyweni kweentlanzi kukhuselekile ukuba kusetyenziswe abantu kwaye akulimazi indalo.

(2) Ukubeka iliso kunye nokucupha iintsalela zehomoni kwiimveliso zentlanzi kunye nokusingqongileyo

Ukubeka iliso kunye nokubek'esweni iintsalela zehomoni kwiimveliso zentlanzi kunye nokusingqongileyo kubalulekile ukuvavanya iingozi ezinokubakho ezinxulumene nokusetyenziswa kwehomoni kwi-aquaculture. Iintsalela zeHormone ziyakwazi ukuqokelela kwizicubu zeentlanzi kwaye zinokugqithiselwa kubantu abazidlayo. Ngoko ke, ukujonga iintsalela zehomoni kwiimveliso zeentlanzi kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuba zikhuselekile ukuba zisetyenziswe ngabantu. Ukongeza, ukubeka iliso iintsalela zehomoni kwimo engqongileyo kunokunceda ukuchonga imithombo enokubakho yongcoliseko kunye nokuvavanya ifuthe labo lokusingqongileyo.

10.Uzithenga phi iihomoni zokuguqulwa kwesondo lentlanzi?

Ukuba ujonge ukuthenga iihomoni zokubuyisela isondo kwintlanzi, kukho iindlela ezininzi zokukhetha ezikhoyo kwiindlela ezahlukeneyo. Ezinye zeehomoni eziqhelekileyo ezithengiswayo ziquka i-17-Methyltestosterone, i-Ketotestosterone, i-estradiol-17 beta, kunye ne-letrozole. Naba ngabavelisi abathembekileyo kunye nababoneleli onokuthi ubathathele ingqalelo:

( 21 19 12 )↗

(1)AdvaCare:inkampani yeemveliso zamachiza kunye nezempilo enikezela ngehomoni yesini kwintlanzi yokuguqulwa kwesondo kwiipilisi ezifana ne-17-Alpha-Methyltestosterone kunye neLetrozole. Iipilisi ze-17-methyltestosterone ziyi-5 mg ngedosi, kunye neepilisi ze-10 ngebhokisi, ngelixa iipilisi ze-letrozole ziyi-2.5 mg ngedosi, kunye neepilisi ze-10 ngebhokisi.

(2)AASraw:Inkampani igxile ekuveliseni i-chemical intermediates kunye nezithako ezisebenzayo zamachiza (APIs) ezisetyenziswa kwizilingo zeklinikhi, kuquka i-17-methyltestosterone kunye ne-letrozole powder eluhlaza. Banamandla okuququzelela imveliso enkulu kunye nokuhlangabezana neemfuno zokusetyenziswa komthamo omncinci. Ngophando lobungcali kunye neziko lophuhliso, baqinisekisa umgangatho kunye nokucoceka kwe-17-methyltestosterone yabo kunye ne-letrozole powder. Bakwanayo nefektri ezimeleyo yokuqinisekisa unikezelo lwemveliso kwaye baqhube uvavanyo olungqongqo phambi kokuthengisa imathiriyeli ekrwada.

(3)Kabir Life Sciences: iqonga elaziwayo elibonelela ngeemveliso zamayeza ezikumgangatho ophezulu ngeenkonzo ezahlukeneyo, kubandakanywa ukwenziwa kwamayeza, i-PCD franchise, kunye nokuthumela iimveliso zabo kumazwe ngamazwe. Banikezela ngamahomoni okubuyisela ubulili beentlanzi, njenge-Ketotestosterone kunye ne-estradiol-17 beta kwifom yethebhulethi, kunye neenkcukacha ezichanekileyo zingafumaneka kwi-oda.

*Ukhuseleko: Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba ukusetyenziswa kunye nokuthengiswa kwezi zinto kulawulwa kakhulu, kwaye ukuzifumana ngaphandle komyalelo osebenzayo akukho mthethweni kwaye kunokuba yingozi. Abantu abafuna ukusebenzisa i-17-methyltestosterone kunye ne-letrozole ngeenjongo zonyango kufuneka badibane nochwepheshe wezempilo onelayisenisi onokunika isikhokelo malunga nokusetyenziswa okufanelekileyo kunye nemithombo yala machiza. Kubalulekile ukulandela zonke izikhokelo zokhuseleko kunye nezomthetho ukuphepha iziphumo ezinokuthi zibe yingozi.

【Isalathiso】

[1] Li SJ, Zhang YJ, Chai XS, Nie MF, Zhou YY, Chen JL, et al. I-Letrozole Ovulation Induction: Inketho esebenzayo kwi-Endometrial yokuLungiselela ukuTshintshela i-Embry eFrozen-Thawed. I-Arch Gynecol Obstetrics (2014) 289: 687-93. doi: 10.1007/s00404-013-3044-0
[2] Weil SJ, Vendola K, Zhou J, Adesanya OO, Wang J, Okafor J, et al. I-Androgen Receptor Gene Expression kwi-Primate Ovary: UkuHlaliswa kweSelula, ukuLawulwa, kunye nokuNxibelelana ngokuSebenza. J Clin Endocrinol Metab (1998) 83: 2479-85. doi: 10.1210/jcem.83.7.4917
[3] I-Cytogenetic toxicity kunye nemiphumo ye-gonadal ye-17 α-methyltestosterone kwi-Astyanax bimaculatus (Characidae) kunye ne-Oreochromis niloticus (Cichlidae) .Rivero-Wendt CL, Miranda-Vilela AL, Ferreira MF, Borges AM, Grisolia CK.Genet Mol Res. 2013 Sep 23;12(3):3862-70. doi:10.4238/2013.Septemba.23.4.PMID: 24085447
[4] Franks S, Adams J, Mason H, Polson D. I-Ovulatory Disorders kubasetyhini abane-Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. UClin Obstet Gynaecol (1985) 12: 605-32. doi: 10.1016/S0306-3356(21)00138-2
[5] Ukungabikho kwe-genotoxicity kwi-Astyanax bimaculatus kunye ne-Oreochromis niloticus ye-17α-methyltestosterone esetyenziswe kwiintlanzi zeentlanzi ukuvelisa i-monosex yamadoda. Genet Mol Res. 2013 Okt 24;12(4):5013-22. doi: 10.4238/2013.Okthobha.24.14. PMID: 24301763
[6] Ruzicka L, Goldberg MW, Rosenberg HR (1935).Sex Hormones Herstellung des 17-Methyl-testosterons und anderer Androsten- und Androstanderivate.Zusammenhänge zwischen chemischer Konstitution und männlicher Hormonwirkung (18)–1”.
[7] UBiljan MM, Hemmings R, Brassard N (2005). "Isiphumo seNtsana ezili-150 ezilandela uNyango ngeLetrozole okanye iLetrozole kunye neGonadotropins". Ukuchuma kunye nokuzala.Amashumi amathathu:
[8] uPretorius, uElzette; Arlt, Wiebke; Storbeck, Karl-Heinz (2016). "Ukusa okutsha kwee-androgens: Izifundo zeNoveli ezivela kwi-11-oxygenated C19 steroids". I-Endocrinology yeMelecular and Cellular. 441: 76–85 .
[9] Nagahama Y, Miura T, Kobayashi T (1994). "Ukuqala kwe-spermatogenesis kwiintlanzi". UCiba ufunyenwe. Uphawu. Novartis Foundation Symposia. 182: 255–67, ingxoxo 267–70.
[10] Carani C, Qin K, Simoni M, Faustini-Fustini M, Serpente S, Boyd J, et al. (Julayi 1997). "Impembelelo ye testosterone kunye ne-estradiol kwindoda enesifo se-aromatase". I-New England Journal of Medicine. 337 (2): 91-5.

I-AASraw ngumenzi oqeqeshiweyo we-Letrozole powder kunye ne-17-methyltestosterone powder ene-lab ezimeleyo kunye nefektri enkulu njengenkxaso, yonke imveliso iya kwenziwa phantsi kolawulo lweCGMP kunye nenkqubo yokulawula umgangatho elandelekayo. Inkqubo yokubonelela izinzile, zombini ii-odolo zokuthengisa kunye ne-wholesale ziyamkeleka.Wamkelekile ukuba ufunde ulwazi olungakumbi malunga ne-AASraw!

Ndifikelele ngoku

5 azithandayo

22141 Views

Ungathanda

I-Nootropic Coluracetam: Ungasebenza njani kuBongo kunye nokunyanga unxunguphalo

Mar

2021